Grammatical Encoding

First, the pre-verbal message is translated into an ordered string of lemmas (i.e. the content-related aspects of a lexeme) which are combined into phrases of various kinds. This so-called 'surface structure' incorporates notions, such as

  • subject, verb, object etc.
  • aspects of word order

Thus, the target structures of grammatical encoding are language-dependent. Here is an example of a pre-verbal message that may serve as an input to the formulator:


Depending on the language-specific syntactic properties, the preverbal message is converted into differently configured surface structures:

Language
English
Turkish
Finnish
Tagalog

Surface Structures across languages.